Abstact

Understanding how protein binding sites evolve interactions with other proteins could hold clues to targeting "undruggable" surfaces. We used synthetic coevolution to engineer new interactions between naive surfaces, simulating the de novo formation of protein complexes. We isolated seven distinct structural families of protein Z-domain complexes and found that synthetic complexes explore multiple shallow energy wells through ratchet-like docking modes, whereas complexes formed by natural binding sites converged in a deep energy well with a relatively fixed geometry. Epistasis analysis of a machine learning-estimated fitness landscape revealed "seed" contacts between binding partners that anchored the earliest stages of encounter complex formation. Our results suggest that "silent" surfaces have a shallower energy landscape than natural binding sites, disfavoring tight binding, likely owing to evolutionary counterselection.